https://global-ecosystems.org/explore/realms/ https://global-ecosystems.org/ https://ecoregions.appspot.com/ Mapping the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (GET v2.1, by IUCN /2022) onto codehw 10 realms, 25 biomes, 110 Ecosystem Functional Groups The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 1400 members the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. By harnessing the experience, resources and reach of its more than 1,600 Member organisations and the input of some 19,000 experts, IUCN is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (GET) — a global, multi-realm ecosystem classification that covers terrestrial, freshwater, marine, subterranean, and transitional realms in a six-level hierarchy; it It is probably the closest modern "umbrella" scheme if you want something broader than TEOW/FEOW/MEOW taken together.iucn+1 The content for this website has been drawn from the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (v2.1). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HLC Tree (GW);HLC-M;HLC-D;HLC-X;HLC-S;REF-CODE;DESCRIPTION;Details 800-7980 (0.02.0);7980;0I00;R0I00;GT00;GT00;T - Terrestrial;(7 Biomes, 34 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5241 (0.02.01);5241;0I10;R0I10;GT10;GT10;T1 - (Sub-)Tropical forests biome;(4 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5241-0I11;0I11;0I11;R0I11;GT11;GT11;T1.1 - (Sub-)Tropical lowland rainforests;IM/AT 71 800-7980-5241-0I12;0I12;0I12;R0I12;GT12;GT12;T1.2 - (Sub-)tropical dry forests & thickets;AT/IM 72 800-7980-5241-0I13;0I13;0I13;R0I13;GT13;GT13;T1.3 - (Sub-)tropical montane rainforests;IM/TN 71 (nested) 800-7980-5241-0I14;0I14;0I14;R0I14;GT14;GT14;T1.4 - Tropical heath forests;(nested IM71) 800-7980-5242 (0.02.02);5242;0I20;R0I20;GT20;GT20;T2 - Temperate/boreal forests & woodlands biome;(6 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5242-0I21;0I21;0I21;R0I21;GT21;GT21;T2.1 - Boreal & temperate high montane forests & woodlands;PA/NA 75 800-7980-5242-0I22;0I22;0I22;R0I22;GT22;GT22;T2.2 - Deciduous temperate forests;PA/NA 74 800-7980-5242-0I23;0I23;0I23;R0I23;GT23;GT23;T2.3 - Oceanic cool temperate rainforests;UA/TN 74 800-7980-5242-0I24;0I24;0I24;R0I24;GT24;GT24;T2.4 - Warm temperate laurophyll forests;AT/UA 82 800-7980-5242-0I25;0I25;0I25;R0I25;GT25;GT25;T2.5 - Temperate pyric humid forests;NA 75 800-7980-5242-0I26;0I26;0I26;R0I26;GT26;GT26;T2.6 - Temperate pyric sclerophyll forests & woodland;AT/NA 82 800-7980-5243 (0.02.03);5243;0I30;R0I30;GT30;GT30;T3 - Shrublands & shrubby woodlands biome;(4 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5243-0I31;0I31;0I31;R0I31;GT31;GT31;T3.1 - Seasonally dry tropical shrublands;AT/IM 83 800-7980-5243-0I32;0I32;0I32;R0I32;GT32;GT32;T3.2 - Seasonally dry temperate heath & shrublands;AT 82 800-7980-5243-0I33;0I33;0I33;R0I33;GT33;GT33;T3.3 - Cool temperate heathlands;EUNIS S/R heath 800-7980-5243-0I34;0I34;0I34;R0I34;GT34;GT34;T3.4 - Young rocky pavements, lava flows & screes;(nested) 800-7980-5244 (0.02.04);5244;0I40;R0I40;GT40;GT40;T4 - Savannas & grasslands biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5244-0I41;0I41;0I41;R0I41;GT41;GT41;T4.1 - Trophic savannas;AT/TN 77 800-7980-5244-0I42;0I42;0I42;R0I42;GT42;GT42;T4.2 - Pyric tussock savannas;AT/UA 77 800-7980-5244-0I43;0I43;0I43;R0I43;GT43;GT43;T4.3 - Hummock savannas;UA 77 800-7980-5244-0I44;0I44;0I44;R0I44;GT44;GT44;T4.4 - Temperate woodlands;NA/UA 78 800-7980-5244-0I45;0I45;0I45;R0I45;GT45;GT45;T4.5 - Temperate subhumid grasslands;NATN 78 800-7980-5245 (0.02.05);5245;0I50;R0I50;GT50;GT50;T5 - Deserts & semi-deserts biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5245-0I51;0I51;0I51;R0I51;GT51;GT51;T5.1 - Semi-desert steppe;AT 83, GZ 73 800-7980-5245-0I52;0I52;0I52;R0I52;GT52;GT52;T5.2 - Succulent or Thorny deserts & semi-deserts;AT/TN 83 800-7980-5245-0I53;0I53;0I53;R0I53;GT53;GT53;T5.3 - Sclerophyll hot deserts & semi-deserts;UA/IM 83 800-7980-5245-0I54;0I54;0I54;R0I54;GT54;GT54;T5.4 - Cool deserts & semi-deserts;PA 83 800-7980-5245-0I55;0I55;0I55;R0I55;GT55;GT55;T5.5 - Hyper-arid deserts;AT/PA 83 800-7980-5246 (0.02.06);5246;0I60;R0I60;GT60;GT60;T6 - Polar/alpine (cryogenic) biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5246-0I61;0I61;0I61;R0I61;GT61;GT61;T6.1 - Ice sheets, glaciers & perennial snowfields;GZ 51, QA 00 800-7980-5246-0I62;0I62;0I62;R0I62;GT62;GT62;T6.2 - Polar/alpine cliffs, screes, outcrops & lava flows;PA/TN/UA 80 800-7980-5246-0I63;0I63;0I63;R0I63;GT63;GT63;T6.3 - Polar tundra & deserts;PA/NA/QA 81 800-7980-5246-0I64;0I64;0I64;R0I64;GT64;GT64;T6.4 - Temperate alpine grasslands & shrublands;PA/TN 80 800-7980-5246-0I65;0I65;0I65;R0I65;GT65;GT65;T6.5 - Tropical alpine grasslands & herbfields;AT/TN 80 800-7980-5247 (0.02.07);5247;0I70;R0I70;GT70;GT70;T7 - Intensive land-use biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7980-5247-0I71;0I71;0I71;R0I71;GT71;GT71;T7.1 - Annual croplands;EUNIS (partial) 800-7980-5247-0I72;0I72;0I72;R0I72;GT72;GT72;T7.2 - Sown livestock pastures;EUNIS (partial) 800-7980-5247-0I73;0I73;0I73;R0I73;GT73;GT73;T7.3 - Plantations;EUNIS (partial) 800-7980-5247-0I74;0I74;0I74;R0I74;GT74;GT74;T7.4 - Urban & industrial ecosystems;EUNIS (partial) 800-7980-5247-0I75;0I75;0I75;R0I75;GT75;GT75;T7.5 - Derived semi-natural pastures & old fields;EUNIS (partial) 800-7981 (0.02.1);7981;0I01;R0I01;GM00;GM00;M - Marine;(4 Biomes, 24 Functional Groups) 800-7981-5251 (0.02.11);5251;0J10;R0J10;GM10;GM10;M1 - Marine shelf biome;(10 Functional Groups) 800-7981-5251-0J11;0J11;0J11;R0J11;GM11;GM11;M1.1 -Seagrass meadows;MEOW 800-7981-5251-0J12;0J12;0J12;R0J12;GM12;GM12;M1.2 - Kelp forests;MEOW 800-7981-5251-0J13;0J13;0J13;R0J13;GM13;GM13;M1.3 - Photic coral reefs;MEOW 800-7981-5251-0J14;0J14;0J14;R0J14;GM14;GM14;M1.4 - Shellfish beds & reefs;MEOW 800-7981-5251-0J15;0J15;0J15;R0J15;GM15;GM15;M1.5 - Photo-limited marine animal forests;MEOW 800-7981-5251-0J16;0J16;0J16;R0J16;GM16;GM16;M1.6 - Subtidal rocky reefs;EUNIS M rock 800-7981-5251-0J17;0J17;0J17;R0J17;GM17;GM17;M1.7 - Subtidal sand beds;EUNIS M sand 800-7981-5251-0J18;0J18;0J18;R0J18;GM18;GM18;M1.8 - Subtidal mud plains;EUNIS M mud 800-7981-5251-0J19;0J19;0J19;R0J19;GM19;GM19;M1.9 - Upwelling zones;LMES (upwelling) 800-7981-5251-0J1A;0J1A;0J1A;R0J1A;GM1A;GM1A;M1.10 - Rhodolith/Maerl beds;EUNIS M 800-7981-5252 (0.02.12);5252;0J20;R0J20;GM20;GM20;M2 - Pelagic ocean waters biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7981-5252-0J21;0J21;0J21;R0J21;GM21;GM21;M2.1 - Epipelagic ocean waters;PO 01–56 800-7981-5252-0J22;0J22;0J22;R0J22;GM22;GM22;M2.2 - Mesopelagic ocean waters;OD 93, MS 01-33 800-7981-5252-0J23;0J23;0J23;R0J23;GM23;GM23;M2.3 - Bathypelagic ocean waters;OD 94/9F 800-7981-5252-0J24;0J24;0J24;R0J24;GM24;GM24;M2.4 - Abyssopelagic ocean waters;OD 97/9G 800-7981-5252-0J25;0J25;0J25;R0J25;GM25;GM25;M2.5 - Sea ice;AM 01-18 800-7981-5253 (0.02.13);5253;0J30;R0J30;GM30;GM30;M3 - Deep sea floors biome;(7 Functional Groups) 800-7981-5253-0J31;0J31;0J31;R0J31;GM31;GM31;M3.1 - Continental & island slopes;OD 95, BY* 800-7981-5253-0J32;0J32;0J32;R0J32;GM32;GM32;M3.2 - Submarine canyons;BY* slope leaves 800-7981-5253-0J33;0J33;0J33;R0J33;GM33;GM33;M3.3 - Abyssal plains;OD 98, AB* 800-7981-5253-0J34;0J34;0J34;R0J34;GM34;GM34;M3.4 - Seamounts, ridges & plateaus;VT*, BY*/AB* ridge leaves 800-7981-5253-0J35;0J35;0J35;R0J35;GM35;GM35;M3.5 - Deepwater biogenic beds;BY* 800-7981-5253-0J36;0J36;0J36;R0J36;GM36;GM36;M3.6 - Hadal trenches & troughs;OD 99, HL* 800-7981-5253-0J37;0J37;0J37;R0J37;GM37;GM37;M3.7 - Chemosynthetic-based ecosystems (CBE);VT chemo 800-7981-5254 (0.02.14);5254;0J40;R0J40;GM40;GM40;M4 - Anthropogenic marine biome;(2 Functional Groups) 800-7981-5254-0J41;0J41;0J41;R0J41;GM41;GM41;M4.1 - Submerged artificial structures;EUNIS (partial) 800-7981-5254-0J42;0J42;0J42;R0J42;GM42;GM42;M4.2 - Marine aquafarms;EUNIS (partial) 800-7982 (0.02.2);7982;0I02;R0I02;GF00;GF00;F - Freshwater;(3 Biomes, 22 Functional Groups) 800-7982-5255 (0.02.21);5255;0K10;R0K10;GF10;GF10;F1 - Rivers & streams biome;(7 Functional Groups) 800-7982-5255-0K11;0K11;0K11;R0K11;GF11;GF11;F1.1 - Permanent upland streams;59/62/67 800-7982-5255-0K12;0K12;0K12;R0K12;GF12;GF12;F1.2 - Permanent lowland rivers;58/61/69 800-7982-5255-0K13;0K13;0K13;R0K13;GF13|F013;GF13;F1.3 - Freeze-thaw rivers & streams;PA/NA/QA 64 800-7982-5255-0K14;0K14;0K14;R0K14;GF14;GF14;F1.4 - Seasonal upland streams;56 800-7982-5255-0K15;0K15;0K15;R0K15;GF15;GF15;F1.5 - Seasonal lowland rivers;60/63 800-7982-5255-0K16;0K16;0K16;R0K16;GF16;GF16;F1.6 - Episodic arid rivers;57 800-7982-5255-0K17;0K17;0K17;R0K17;GF17;GF17;F1.7 - Large lowland rivers;55/66 800-7982-5256 (0.02.22);5256;0K20;R0K20;GF20;GF20;F2 - Lakes biome;(10 Functional Groups) 800-7982-5256-0K21;0K21;0K21;R0K21;GF21;GF21;F2.1 - Large permanent freshwater lakes;54 800-7982-5256-0K22;0K22;0K22;R0K22;GF22;GF22;F2.2 - Small permanent freshwater lakes;68 800-7982-5256-0K23;0K23;0K23;R0K23;GF23;GF23;F2.3 - Seasonal freshwater lakes;AT 54 800-7982-5256-0K24;0K24;0K24;R0K24;GF24|F024;GF24;F2.4 - Freeze-thaw freshwater lakes;PA/NA/QA 64 800-7982-5256-0K25;0K25;0K25;R0K25;GF25;GF25;F2.5 - Ephemeral freshwater lakes;AT/UA 57 800-7982-5256-0K26;0K26;0K26;R0K26;GF26;GF26;F2.6 - Permanent salt & soda lakes;PA/AT/TN 57 800-7982-5256-0K27;0K27;0K27;R0K27;GF27;GF27;F2.7 - Ephemeral salt lakes;UA/TN 57 800-7982-5256-0K28;0K28;0K28;R0K28;GF28;GF28;F2.8 - Artesian springs & oases; 800-7982-5256-0K29;0K29;0K29;R0K29;GF29;GF29;F2.9 - Geothermal pools & wetlands;CO/volcanic 800-7982-5256-0K2A;0K2A;0K2A;R0K2A;GF2A|F02A;GF2A;F2.10 - Subglacial lakes;QA 64 800-7982-5257 (0.02.23);5257;0K30;R0K30;GF30;GF30;F3 - Artificial wetlands biome;(5 Functional Groups) 800-7982-5257-0K31;0K31;0K31;R0K31;GF31;GF31;F3.1 - Large reservoirs;EUNIS (partial) 800-7982-5257-0K32;0K32;0K32;R0K32;GF32;GF32;F3.2 - Constructed lacustrine wetlands;EUNIS (partial) 800-7982-5257-0K33;0K33;0K33;R0K33;GF33;GF33;F3.3 - Rice paddies;EUNIS (partial) 800-7982-5257-0K34;0K34;0K34;R0K34;GF34;GF34;F3.4 - Freshwater aquafarms;EUNIS (partial) 800-7982-5257-0K35;0K35;0K35;R0K35;GF35;GF35;F3.5 - Canals, ditches & drains;EUNIS (partial) 800-7983 (0.02.3);7983;0I03;R0I03;GS00;GS00;S - Subterranean;(2 Biomes, 3 Functional Groups) 800-7983-5258 (0.02.31);5258;0K60;R0K60;GS10;GS10;S1 - Subterranean lithic biome;(2 Functional Groups) 800-7983-5258-0K61;0K61;0K61;R0K61;GS11;GS11;S1.1 - Aerobic caves;EUNIS (sliver) 800-7983-5258-0K62;0K62;0K62;R0K62;GS12;GS12;S1.2 - Endolithic systems; 800-7983-5259 (0.02.32);5259;0K80;R0K80;GS20;GS20;S2 - Anthropogenic subterranean voids biome;(1 Functional Group) 800-7983-5259-0K81;0K81;0K81;R0K81;GS21;GS21;S2.1 - Anthropogenic subterranean voids; 800-7984 (0.02.4);7984;0I04;R0I04;MT00;MT00;MT - Marine-Terrestrial;(3 Biomes, 7 Functional Groups) 800-7984-5261 (0.02.41);5261;0L10;R0L10;MT10;MT10;MT1 - Shorelines biome;(4 Functional Groups) 800-7984-5261-0L11;0L11;0L11;R0L11;MT11;MT11;MT1.1 - Rocky Shorelines;EUNIS N/M rock 800-7984-5261-0L12;0L12;0L12;R0L12;MT12;MT12;MT1.2 - Muddy Shorelines;EUNIS N/M mud 800-7984-5261-0L13;0L13;0L13;R0L13;MT13;MT13;MT1.3 - Sandy Shorelines;EUNIS N/M sand 800-7984-5261-0L14;0L14;0L14;R0L14;MT14;MT14;MT1.4 - Boulder & cobble shores;EUNIS N/M coarse 800-7984-5262 (0.02.42);5262;0L20;R0L20;MT20;MT20;MT2 - Supralittoral coastal biome;(2 Functional Groups) 800-7984-5262-0L21;0L21;0L21;R0L21;MT21;MT21;MT2.1 - Coastal shrublands & grasslands;EUNIS EM83 (N) 800-7984-5262-0L22;0L22;0L22;R0L22;MT22;MT22;MT2.2 - Large seabird & pinniped colonies;EUNIS (partial) 800-7984-5263 (0.02.43);5263;0L30;R0L30;MT30;MT30;MT3 - Anthropogenic shorelines biome;(1 Functional Group) 800-7984-5263-0L31;0L31;0L31;R0L31;MT31;MT31;MT3.1 - Artificial shorelines;EUNIS (partial) 800-7985 (0.02.5);7985;0I05;R0I05;SF00;SF00;SF - Subterranean-Freshwater;(2 Biomes, 4 Functional Groups) 800-7985-5264 (0.02.51);5264;0L40;R0L40;SF10;SF10;SF1 - Subterranean freshwaters biome;(2 Functional Groups) 800-7985-5264-0L41;0L41;0L41;R0L41;SF11;SF11;SF1.1 - Underground streams & pools; 800-7985-5264-0L42;0L42;0L42;R0L42;SF12;SF12;SF1.2 - Groundwater ecosystems; 800-7985-5265 (0.02.52);5265;0L50;R0L50;SF20;SF20;SF2 - Anthropogenic subterranean freshwaters biome;(2 Functional Groups) 800-7985-5265-0L51;0L51;0L51;R0L51;SF21;SF21;SF2.1 - Water pipes & subterranean canals; 800-7985-5265-0L52;0L52;0L52;R0L52;SF22;SF22;SF2.2 - Flooded mines & other voids; 800-7986 (0.02.6);7986;0I06;R0I06;FM00;FM00;FM - Freshwater-Marine;(1 Biome, 3 Functional Groups) 800-7986-5266 (0.02.61);5266;0L60;R0L60;FM10;FM10;FM1 - Semi-confined transitional waters biome;(3 Functional Groups) 800-7986-5266-0L61;0L61;0L61;R0L61;FM11;FM11;FM1.1 - Deepwater coastal inlets;EUNIS EM84 (W) 800-7986-5266-0L62;0L62;0L62;R0L62;FM12;FM12;FM1.2 - Permanently open riverine estuaries & bays;EUNIS EM84 (W) 800-7986-5266-0L63;0L63;0L63;R0L63;FM13;FM13;FM1.3 - Intermittently closed & open lakes & lagoons;EUNIS EM84 (W) 800-7987 (0.02.7);7987;0I07;R0I07;MFT00;MFT00;MFT - Marine-Freshwater-Terrestrial;(1 Biome,3 Functional Groups) 800-7987-5267 (0.02.71);5267;0L70;R0L70;MFT10;MFT10;MFT1 - Brackish tidal biome;(3 Functional Groups) 800-7987-5267-0L71;0L71;0L71;R0L71;MFT11;MFT11;MFT1.1 - Coastal river deltas;IM/AT 84 800-7987-5267-0L72;0L72;0L72;R0L72;MFT12;MFT12;MFT1.2 - Intertidal forests & shrublands;IM/AT 84 (mangrove) 800-7987-5267-0L73;0L73;0L73;R0L73;MFT13;MFT13;MFT1.3 - Coastal saltmarshes & reedbeds;EUNIS Q/N saltmarsh 800-7988 (0.02.8);7988;0I08;R0I08;SM00;SM00;SM - Subterranean-Marine;(1 Biome, 3 Functional Groups) 800-7988-5268 (0.02.81);5268;0L80;R0L80;SM10;SM10;SM1 - Subterranean tidal biome;(3 Functional Groups) 800-7988-5268-0L81;0L81;0L81;R0L81;SM11;SM11;SM1.1 - Anchialine caves;(none) 800-7988-5268-0L82;0L82;0L82;R0L82;SM12;SM12;SM1.2 - Anchialine pools;(none) 800-7988-5268-0L83;0L83;0L83;R0L83;SM13;SM13;SM1.3 - Sea caves;EUNIS (sliver) 800-7989 (0.02.9);7989;0I09;R0I09;TF00;TF00;TF - Terrestrial-Freshwater;(1 Biome,7 Functional Groups) 800-7989-5269 (0.02.91);5269;0L90;R0L90;TF10;TF10;TF1 - Palustrine wetlands biome;(7 Functional Groups) 800-7989-5269-0L91;0L91;0L91;R0L91;TF11;TF11;TF1.1 - Tropical flooded forests & peat forests;IM/AT 79 800-7989-5269-0L92;0L92;0L92;R0L92;TF12;TF12;TF1.2 - Subtropical/temperate forested wetlands;PA/TN 79, EUNIS Q 800-7989-5269-0L93;0L93;0L93;R0L93;TF13;TF13;TF1.3 - Permanent marshes;EUNIS Q marsh 800-7989-5269-0L94;0L94;0L94;R0L94;TF14;TF14;TF1.4 - Seasonal floodplain marshes;IM/AT 79 800-7989-5269-0L95;0L95;0L95;R0L95;TF15;TF15;TF1.5 - Episodic arid floodplains;AT/UA 57 800-7989-5269-0L96;0L96;0L96;R0L96;TF16;TF16;TF1.6 - Boreal, temperate & montane peat bogs;EUNIS Q bog 800-7989-5269-0L97;0L97;0L97;R0L97;TF17;TF17;TF1.7 - Boreal & temperate fens;EUNIS Q fen ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For version 2.1: Keith, D. A., J. R. Ferrer-Paris, E. Nicholson, M. Bishop, B. A, Polidoro, E. Ramirez-Llodra, M. G. Tozer, J. L. Nel, R. Mac Nally, E. J. Gregr, K. E. Watermeyer, F. Essl, D. Faber-Langendoen, J. Franklin, C. E. R. Lehmann, A. Etter, D. J. Roux, J. S. Stark, J. A. Rowland, N. A. Brummitt, U. C. Fernandez-Arcaya, I. M. Suthers, S. K. Wiser, I. Donohue, L. J. Jackson, R. T. Pennington, N. Pettorelli, A. Andrade, A. Lindgaard, T. Tahvanainen, A. Terauds, M. A. Chadwick, N. J. Murray, J. Moat, P. Pliscoff, I. Zager, and R. T. Kingsford (2022) A function-based typology for Earth’s ecosystems Nature 610, 513–518. DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4. For previous versions: David A. Keith, José R. Ferrer-Paris, Emily Nicholson and Richard T. Kingsford (eds.) (2020) The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISBN: 978-2-8317-2077-7. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en. https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/science/global-lakes-and-wetlands-database/